English

View in English

Cultural Diffusion and Tamil Merchants

தொகுதி 2, வெளியீடு 2 | ஏப்ரல் 2022 - சூன் 2022

Prof. P. Shanmugam, University of Madras

Prof. P. Shanmugam is a Retd. Professor from the Dept. of Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Madras.


P, Shanmugam. 2022. “Cultural Diffusion and Tamil Merchants”. Dravida Pozhil – Journal of Dravidian Studies 2 (2):11-26.


அடிக்குறிப்புகள்

  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v., 264.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v., 59; Akanāṉūṟu, vv., 54, 134, 229, 306, 320.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v.,329; Akanāṉūṟu, vv., 56, 124, 230, 254, 272, 302.
  • Akanāṉūṟu, vv., 58, 298, 328.
  • Akanāṉūṟu, v., 159.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, vv., 27-29, 30, 325; Akanāṉūṟu, vv., 13, 224.
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, Early Tamil Epigraphy (ETE.), Central Institute of Classical Tamil, Chennai, (2014), no. 36, p. 427.
  • ETE., 39, p. 433.
  • ETE., 42, p. 439.
  • ETE., 43, p. 441.
  • ETE., 46, p. 447
  • ETE., 69, p. 495.
  • ETE., 70, p. 497.
  • ETE., 49, p. 453; ETE., 52, p. 459.
  • ETE., 3, p. 361.
  • ETE., 6, p. 367.
  • Āvaṇam, Journal of Archaeological Society, Thanjavur, vol. 19, no. 61, p.199.
  • Āvaṇam, vol.19 (2008), p. 195.
  • Paṭṭiṉappālai, ll., 185-92; 216-18.
  • Maduraik kāñchi, ll. 424-30, 500-06, 513-515, 536-44; Akanāṉūṟu, v., 301; Paṭṭiṉappālai, l.198.
  • Akanāṉūṟu, v. 181; Malaipaḍukaḍām, l., 413; Pathiṟṟuppattu, ll., 13-21; Paṭṭiṉappālai, l., 198; Kuṟunthokai, v.117; Aiṅgkuṟu nūṟu, v., 195
  • Perumbāṇāṟṟuppaḍai, ll., 46-65.
  • Paṭṭiṉappālai, ll., 206-12.
  • Perumbāṇāṟṟuppaḍai, ll., 68-75.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v. 66, ll. 1-3. (vaḻi thoḻil āṇḍa uṟavōṉ maruka).
  • Akanāṉūṟu, v. 212, ll. 15-20; v. 347, ll. 3-5.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v.126, ll.14-16.
  • S.E.Sidebotham, “Ports of the Red Sea and the Arabia-India Trade”, in Vimala Begley and De Puma, eds., in Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade, Delhi, 1992, p.30.
  • Salomoon, Richard, “Epigraphical Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt”, in Journal of American Oriental Society, vol. III-4, 1991, pp. 731-6.
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ETE., p. 44.
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ETE., pp. 44-45.
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ETE., p. 45.
  • Paṭṭiṉappālai , ll.191.
  • P.Shanmugam, "An Early Tamil Brahmi Inscription from Thailand", in M.D.Sampath (ed.), Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore, Vol. 22,1996, pp.100-103;Journal of Epigraphical Society of India., Mysore, vol. XXII, 1996, pp.100-103; Noboru Karashima (ed.), Ancient and Medieval Commercial Activity in the Indian Ocean: Testimony of Inscriptions and Ceramic-sherds, Taisho University, 2002, p.10.
  • Tamil Lexicon, vol. IV, p.2461, see pattar2 (=A caste title of goldsmiths); pattar3 (=merchants).
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ‘Thailandil Tamil-Brahmi poriththa panai odu’, in Avanam, vol. 17 (2006), pp.12-13.
  • P.Shanmugam, “Two Coins of Tamil Origin from Thailand”, in Studies in South Indian Coins, (ed.). A.V. Narasimha Murthy, vol., IV, 1994, pp.97-8.
  • R.Krishnamurthy, Sangakalach Cholar Nanayangal, (Tamil), Madras, 1986, plates,1-9.
  • Puṟanāṉūṟu, v.40,ll.2-5; Kalittogai, v.85,ll.1-2; Patiṟṟuppattu, v.16,ll.15-16; Puṟanāṉūṟu, v.218,ll.1-4; Akanāṉūṟu, v.269,l.15; Naṟṟinai, v.274,l.4; Perumbanarruppadai, l.164
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ETE.,No.69, p.495.
  • Maduraikkāñchi, ll.512-513
  • S.Paranavithana, Inscriptions of Ceylon: Early Brahmi Inscriptions, Colombo, 1970, Nos. 94, 860, 792.
  • Journal of Numismatic Society of India., vol.LXVI, 2004, pp.36-42.
  • P.E.Pieris, Nagadipa II (coins), Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo Branch), 1919, p. 73; K.N.V. Seyone, Some Old Coins Found in Early Ceylon (Srilanka), 1998, pp.38-43.
  • P.Pushparatnam, Ancient Coins of Sri Lankan Tamil Rulers, Bavani Patippakam, Jaffna, 2002; Āvaṇam, vol. 9, 1998, p.114; Ce. Krishnaraca, “Yalppanak kuta nattil kitaitta nanayankal”, Chintanai, vol 1-3, 1983, pp. 70-84.
  • R. Krishnamurthy, Sangam Age Tamil Coins, pp. 160, coins no. 3, 29; C.H. Biddulph, Coins of the Pandyas, p. 25, 51. no. 49.
  • S.V. Sohoni, “A Note on the Audumbara Temple Coins”, in Journal of Numismatic Society of India, vol.4, 1942, pp. 55-57.
  • Epigraphia Indica, vol. XXII, p. 2.
  • R. Krishnamurthy, Sangam Age Tamil Coins, pp. 34-35; P.Pushparatnam, Ancient Coins of Sri Lankan Tamil Rulers, Bavani Patippakam, Jaffna, 2002.
  • R.Krishnamurthy and Senarath Wickramasinghe, A Catalogue of the Sangam Age Pandya and Chola Coins in the National Museum, Colombo, Srilanka, Department of the National Museum, Colombo, 2005.
  • Osmund Bopearachchi, “Ancient Sri Lankan and Tamil Nadu: Maritime Trade”, in South Indian Horizons (F. Gros Felicitation Volume), eds. Jean Luc Chevillard and Eva Wilden, Institute Francais de Pondicherry, Pondicherry, 2004, pp.539-551
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, “Ancient Tamil Coins from Srilanka”, in Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies, vol. xvii-2, 2000, pp. 147-156.
  • S.Pathmanathan, Ilangait Tamil Sasanangal, Colombo, 2006, p. xxx.
  • Iravatham Mahadevan, ‘Old Sinhalese Inscriptions from Indian Ports: New Evidence for Ancient India Sri Lanka Contacts, Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies, vol. 14-1,(1996) pp. 55-68; Iravatham Mahadevan, ‘An Early Prakrit Inscription from Kanchipuram, in R.Nagaswamy, ed., Studies in South Indian History and Culture, Prof. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Volume, 1997, Chennai, pp.238-240.
  • Silappadikāram, pathikam, l. 89.
  • Maṇimēkalai, pathikam, l. 96.
  • Silappadikāram, pathikam, ll. 12-14; 23, ll. 149-160; 30, ll. 49, 129; 14, ll. 200-211.
  • Maṇimēkalai, 16, ll. 4-14; 40-41; 124-125; 25: ll.178-190; 29: ll.3-10; 28: ll.30-55.

This work is licensed under a

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives)